Type of nitric acid process used for each nitric acid train low, medium, or dual pressure. The royal society of chemistry thanks the following individuals and organisations for their help in. It deals with gaseous, liquid and solid waste discharges to air, water and land and the actions to be. The effects of inlet no x composition, extent of oxidation. Nitric acid concentration process for many purposes, 55 to 60% nitric acid is.
Article views are the countercompliant sum of full text article downloads since november 2008 both pdf and html across all institutions and individuals. Simulation and optimization of nox absorption system in. These fertilisers, generally with high nitrogen contents, provide the active nitrogen in the form of. The corrosion behaviour of alloys suitable for equipment used in the. Nitric acid is a highly corrosive mineral acid and is commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent. Nitric acid is also used for metal etching and processing of ferrous metals.
The emission of n 2 o from nitric acid production has been estimated at about 11. In this article the author outlines some of the principal features of. The ostwald process is a chemical process for making nitric acid hno3. Introduction nitric acid is a colourless liquid that is used in the manufacture of. Quality control the gas streams at the nitric acid plants are analysed to determine the efficiencies of the oxidation of ammonia and of the absorption of nitrogen dioxide in water. The manufacture of nitric acid the role of platinum alloy gauzes in the ammonia oxidation process by h. Process basis process basis ammonia is reacted with air on platinumrhodium alloy catalysts in the oxidation section of nitric acid plants. The total annual productivity capacity of these commercial plants is estimated to be on the order of 4. The history of the modern nitric acid process really begins in 1901 when w. History, occurrence, preparation, and properties of nitric acid. Investigations on platinum gauze surfaces used in the manufacture of nitric acid the dependence of the activity of a platinum catalyst on the composition of subsurface layers.
Nitric acid production by the oxidation of ammonia on platinum gauzes constitutes one of the worlds major chemical industries. Stanford libraries official online search tool for books, media, journals, databases, government documents and more. Nitric acid is a strong acid, a powerful oxidizing compound, and a nitrating agent. Nitric acid is an inorganic chemical that is used in the manufacture of. About 70 percent of the nitric acid produced is consumed as an intermediate in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate nh 4no 3, which in turn is used in fertilizers.
Methods of producing dilute nitric acid are illustrated in outline. The rinse water from sulfitation is known as red water and is a significant pollutant and waste product of tnt manufacture. Sigmaaldrich offers a number of nitric acid products. The tricalcium phosphate in the phosphate rock is converted by reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid into phos phoric acid and the insoluble salt calcium sulphate.
A short video clip illustrating the process of nitric acid production that can be viewed online by students or downloaded for showing in class. Manuals of chemical technology111 industrial nitrogen compounds and explosives a practical treatise on the manufacture, properties, and industrial uses of nitric acid, nitrates. Of this 96% is used to make ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate. Control of nitrogen oxides in feed nitric acid is very important because free nitrogen. This booklet is concerned with the environmental issues resulting from the production of nitric acid. Ostwald process for producing nitric acid worldofchemicals. The manufacture of nitrogen fertilisers represents by far the largest proportion of the use of nitric acid. Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric acid involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia according to the following balanced equation. Nitric acid h no 3, also known as aqua fortis latin for strong water and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid the pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow. On this page you can read or download manufacture of nitric acid grade10 in pdf format. It is these gases which are visible as a redbrown plume. Pdf design of a plant to manufacture sulfuric acid from.
Nitric acid and water form an azeotropic mixture, with a maximum. To manufacture ammonium nitrate a nitrogenous fertilisers. Number of times in the reporting year that missing data procedures were followed to measure nitric acid. Proposed rule for mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases. The ammonium nitrate is sent for use in the can plant. Pdf investigations on platinum gauze surfaces used in. The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers. Sulfur, as followed by group 01 as per the allocations of ch 4202 comprehensive design. Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia and is a key chemical in the manufacture of fertilizers. The insoluble calcium sulphate is then separated from the phosphoric acid, most usually by. Ostwald established the ammonia oxidation conditions necessary for high nitrogen oxide. The clean air is recycled through the ammonia recovery plant.
N 2 and o 2 is present in the air are used for the. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can oxidize metals and nonmetals easily. Some 99% acid is required for the manufacture of, for example, organic nitrocompounds for the explosives and dye industries. This report contains a detailed design proc edure of a plant to manufacture sulfuric acid from. There are approximately 50 privately owned plants producing nitric acid in this country. A mnemonic device has been designed for writing reactions of metals with nitric acid. If you dont see any interesting for you, use our search form on bottom v. These properties make it an important basic chemical compound that is used in the production of many important chemicals. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, silk industry, explosive materials such as t. Nitric acid, colorless, fuming, and highly corrosive liquid that is a common laboratory reagent and an important industrial chemical for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives.
A mathematical model has been developed for the prediction of the optimum design of packed and plate columns for the manufacture of nitric acid. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric. Nitric acid is an inorganic chemical that is used in the manufacture of nitrogenbased fertilizers, adipic acid, and explosives. These plants primarily use ammonia and air for the manufacture of nitric acid. Environmental protection agency office of air and radiation office of air quality planning and standards research triangle park, north carolina 27711 december 1991. By far the principal use of nitric acid 80% is in the manufacture of fertilizers. Manufacture of nitric acid and calcium ammonium nitrate in ifi, arklow introduction option 1a of the syllabus deals with industrial chemistry. Technical support document for the nitric acid production. Several explosives are made using nitric acid, including tnt trinitrotoluene, nitroglycerine and components of semtex. We show 3 ways to make nitric acid based on two different chemical approaches both of which can be done using easily accessible materials. In this article the author outlines some of the principal features of this process, and describes in some detail the chemical reaction taking place at the platinum surface.
The diagram below provides an overview of the principal fertilizer routes as well as the available processes and main licensors. The ammoniaoxidation process is the most commonly used process for producing weak 50 to. C o m manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald process 2. Smaller amounts of acid of 95% strength are used for organic nitrations in the dyestuffs and explosives industries. How is nitric acid made nitric acid is made from the reaction of ammonia with oxygen the first stage produces nitrogen monoxide. Nitric and adipic acid manufacturing plants emission standards division us. Nitric acid hno3, also known as aqua fortis strong water and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid. Production levels for 2006 have been estimated at 6. Nitric acid manufacture vapor, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. The plants range in size from 6,000 to 700,000 tons per. Wilhelm ostwald developed the process, and he patented it in 1902. A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic. Nitric acid journal of chemical education acs publications.
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